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China’s energy—challenges and strategies

NI Weidou

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 1-8 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0001-2

摘要： In this century, China started facing five major challenges in the energy field: energy supply, shortage of liquid fuel, environmental pollution, green house gas (GHG) emission, and energy supply in rural areas. In this paper, the Chinese energy development strategy and general technical scheme (including energy conservation, utilization of coal, alternative fuel and renewable energy) are discussed, and some key scientific problems in the fundamental research of energy are put forward.

关键词： scientific development strategy utilization technical environmental pollution

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Initial research on planning and design of today's Buddhist temple

LI Xinjian, ZHU Guangya

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 379-385 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0048-0

摘要： Starting from the reconstruction planning for the Chongyuan Temple in Suzhou Industrial Park, the planners explored the elements of contemporary Buddhism architecture planning and design in terms of the social multi-requirement, environmental utilization fitted for a given time and place, appropriate temple pattern on specification and institution, functional division for harmonic relationship between monks and laymen, etc. For realization of historic mission: carrying forward the cultural tradition and constructing harmonic society, this paper proposes some principles of creation, which have historical evidence and are keeping pace with the times.

关键词： environmental utilization Buddhism architecture Industrial contemporary Buddhism relationship

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Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China

Yueling ZHANG, Junjie LI, Huan LIU, Guangling ZHAO, Yajun TIAN, Kechang XIE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 308-319 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0696-x

摘要： This paper aims to discuss an environmental, social, and economic analysis of energy utilization of crop residues from life cycle perspectives in China. The methodologies employed to achieve this objective are environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), life cycle cost (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Five scenarios are developed based on the conversion technologies and final bioenergy products. The system boundaries include crop residue collection, transportation, pre-treatment, and conversion process. The replaced amounts of energy are also taken into account in the E-LCA analysis. The functional unit is defined as 1 MJ of energy produced. Eight impact categories are considered besides climate change in E-LCA. The investment capital cost and salary cost are collected and compared in the life cycle of the scenarios. Three stakeholders and several subcategories are considered in the S-LCA analysis defined by UNEP/SETAS guidelines. The results show that the energy utilization of crop residue has carbon emission factors of 0.09–0.18 kg (CO eq per 1 MJ), and presents a net carbon emissions reduction of 0.03–0.15 kg (CO eq per 1 MJ) compared with the convectional electricity or petrol, but the other impacts should be paid attention to in the biomass energy scenarios. The energy utilization of crop residues can bring economic benefit to local communities and the society, but the working conditions of local workers need to be improved in future biomass energy development.

关键词： crop residue life cycle assessment life cycle cost social life cycle assessment energy production

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我国水能资源开发利用及环境与生态保护问题探讨

郑守仁

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第6期页码 1-6

摘要：

水能是清洁可再生能源，是实现可持续发展战略的优质能源。我国水能资源丰富，优先开发利用水能是我国能源发展的重要方针。开发利用水能资源，可减少开采煤炭和燃煤发电对环境的污染，有利于保护环境与生态。但修建大坝截断河道，使河流水沙情势发生变化，对环境与生态产生不利影响，应研究采取对策措施，处理好开发利用水能和保护环境与生态的关系。开发利用水能应按流域综合规划要求，科学合理和适度有序地进行，把开发水能与流域水资源综合利用、保护环境与生态和推动地区经济社会发展有机结合起来，切实做好移民安置工作，改善移民生活和生产条件，促进库区经济建设与环境保护协调发展。

关键词：水能开发水资源综合利用环境保护可持续发展

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Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride

WU Yuehui,WANG Guoliang,WANG Zhen,LIU Yi,GU Ping,SUN Dezhi

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 451-462 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0614-0

摘要： Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental performance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng·100 kg of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng·100 kg of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties: basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.

关键词： polyvinyl chloride waste utilization incineration process vacuum pyrolysis process life cycle assessment

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我国风电开发利用的生态和气候环境效应研究建议

朱蓉,石文辉,王阳,王伟胜,黄其励

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第3期页码 39-43 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.03.006

摘要：

截至2017年，我国风电累计装机容量已连续8年位居世界第一。未来，我国风电发展依然会维持较高比例增长，在此形势下，迫切需要认清风能资源开发对生态和气候环境的影响，以保证风电可持续性发展。设立国家重大基础科学研究计划，组织开展风电开发的生态和气候效应研究是十分必要的。建议通过观测实验、机理分析、数值模拟、影响评估以及适应和减缓措施研究，提出2050年我国风电发展的规划布局；研究建立风电项目开发建设对生态和环境影响的评价方法和指标体系；建立国家风能开发区生态和气候环境监测网，并与全国风电场的运行有效联系，利用大数据和人工智能等技术，定期评估整体和局地的生态、气候环境效应。

关键词：风能开发利用生态和气候环境效应监测网定量评估适应和减缓

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金属矿山尾矿问题及其综合利用与治理

蔡嗣经,杨鹏

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第4期页码 89-92

摘要：

我国金属矿山在地面积存的尾矿已达40多亿t，并以每年约2.1亿t的速度在增长。金属矿山尾矿的主要特点为颗粒极细、数量极大、毒性很强、浓度很低。尾矿库占用大量土地，尾矿库工程事故，尾矿对地面环境和地下水源的污染等，迫切需要采用新技术开展对尾矿综合利用和治理的研究与开发，包括回收利用尾矿中的金属和非金属元素，利用尾矿制作建筑材料或磁性肥料；采用各种措施全面治理尾矿，如设立地下尾矿库，利用地面尾矿库作排土场，尾矿膏体地面无坝堆放与同步复垦等，其最终目标是建立“无尾矿山”。

关键词：金属矿山尾矿环境污染地下尾矿库尾矿膏体无尾矿

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Advanced purification and comprehensive utilization of yellow phosphorous off gas

Ping NING,Xiangyu WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 181-189 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0698-1

摘要： Yellow phosphorous is an important raw material in the chemical industry. However, during the production of yellow phosphorous, high concentrations of carbon monoxide and other impurities are released. Without appropriate purification and removal, this off gas has potential to cause severe pollution problems once released. Purified yellow phosphorous off gas can be beneficially reused as a raw material in chemical production for synthesis of high value-added chemical reagents. In this paper, the significance of purification and reutilization of yellow phosphorous off gas are explored. The principles, processes, and main characteristics of the technologies for purification and reuse of yellow phosphorus off gas (including technical measurements of impurity reduction, relevant engineering cases, and public acceptance of the technologies) are summarized. In view of the existing problems and scientific development requirements, this paper proposes several recommendations for green production based on the concept of recycle economics. We conclude that advanced purification and comprehensive reutilization can be an effective solution for heavy pollution resulting from yellow phosphorous off gassing.

关键词： yellow phosphorous off gas purification comprehensive utilization

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节能环保工程水压爆破研究与应用

何广沂,段昌炎,荆山,王太超

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第9期页码 43-48

摘要：

节能环保工程水压爆破是一种新的爆破技术，文章主要介绍该项技术提高炸药能量利用率和保护环境的理论分析和模拟试验，着重是创新突破点、关键技术和实际应用所取得的显著技术经济效果。

关键词：工程水压爆破模拟试验能量利用率

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我国工业固体废物资源化战略研究

陈瑛,胡楠,滕婧杰,柳溪,李岩,凌江

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第4期页码 109-114 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.04.017

摘要：

本文针对我国工业固体废物产生量大、综合利用不足的突出问题，研究了我国资源开发、工业活动与工业固体废物产生的客观规律，以及未来发展趋势和资源化利用潜力。针对我国在工业固体废物资源化管理模式、法制体系建设、经济调节措施、技术及产业市场等方面存在的突出问题，结合我国生态文明建设中关于环境保护和资源循环利用的总体要求，提出了应将工业固体废物资源化战略作为我国资源、环境战略重要补充的总体战略目标，并提出了未来的发展路线图、阶段目标及重点任务。

关键词：工业固体废物资源化环境管理战略

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Methodologies for chemical utilization of CO

Liangnian HE, Ya Du, Chengxia MIAO, Jinquan WANG, Xiaoyong DOU, Ying WU

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 224-228 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0067-y

摘要： The reactions of CO with oxirane to produce cyclic carbonate, and with aziridine to afford oxazolidine have been of interest as a useful method for its fixation by a chemical process. Highly efficient processesemploying recyclable CO -phlilic homogeneous catalyst were devised for environmentally benign synthesis of cyclic carbonates and oxazolidinones under supercritical CO without any organic solvent. These processes represent pathways for greener chemical fixations of CO to afford industrial useful materials such as organic carbonates and oxazolidinones with great potential applications.

关键词： carbon dioxide chemical utilization molecular catalyst carbonate oxazolidinone

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泰州大桥施工营地太阳能利用综合效益分析

丁志群,徐俊,李明

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第4期页码 100-103

摘要：

以泰州大桥北塔，北锚施工营地为对象，从粉尘、SO₂排放以及能源消耗等方面，分析了太阳能利用对比于普通燃煤锅炉对环境的影响，发现太阳能利用能明显地改善营地的环境。

关键词：泰州大桥施工营地太阳能综合效益(环境效益、经济效益)

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CROP PROTECTION OPENS UP NEW ERA OF CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF GREEN OPTIONS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 1-3 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021431

摘要：

China is the largest agricultural producer in the world. Reducing yield losses caused by pests is an important issue and major challenge for China, especially when confronting global climate change, biological invasions and declining agricultural biodiversity of recent decades. Wang et al. (this issue) summarized the impacts of changing climate on two staple crops in China, wheat and rice (https://doi.org/FASE-2021432). They reviewed the impacts of climate change on crops, crop pests and crop diseases. Basically, increased temperature would reduce crop yields and increase pest damage. Biological invasions have become a serious threat to the agriculture worldwide. Developing approaches for monitoring and controlling invasive pests, such as fall armyworm, has been recognized as high priority for China. The excessive use of highly toxic pesticides has caused considerable damage to the environment and biodiversity, which is also one of the many contributors to the increasing outbreaks of pests and diseases. In addition, understanding interaction between crop pests and plant diseases is another critical challenge for agriculture. About 80% plant viruses can be transmitted by crop pest vectors such as aphids, whiteflies and other hemipteran pests. Therefore, to solve the problem of crop pests and diseases, suitable green crop protection methods have been identified as a key components of sustainable development. This special issue of Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering outlines potential conservation and utilization of green options for crop protection.

To prevent outbreaks of crop pests, an advanced monitoring and early warning system could be the first step in crop protection. The use of science and technology in monitoring and early warning of major crop pests provides better pest management and acts as a fundamental part of an integrated plant protection strategy to achieve the goal of sustainable development of agriculture. Wu et al. (this issue) summarized the fundamental information on pest monitoring and early warning in China by documenting the history of research and application, Chinese laws and regulations related to plant protection, and the National Monitoring and Early Warning System, with the purpose of presenting the Chinese model as an example of how to promote regional management of crop pests, especially cross border pests such as fall armyworm and locust, by international cooperation across pest-impacted countries (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021411). They provide an overview of long-term Chinese efforts in the fight against major pests and to present the country’s experience in crop pest monitoring and early warning technology to the world.

Field management is a traditional conservation agriculture technique on plant protection such as no-till cropping, crop rotation, intercropping and cover cropping. Shi et al. (this issue) found that soil solarization is an environmental-friendly promising strategy that achieved complete mortality to the larvae of Bradysia cellarum (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021402). Crop rotation, intercropping and cover cropping of different crops or plants could help to reduce the outbreak of crop pests and diseases. Wang et al. (this issue) summarized the interactions and trade-offs between plants and entomophagous arthropods, and discussed a landscape management method by sowing flowering plants in agricultural fields (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021427). However, such methods are limited when crop pests have already become well established in crop fields.

Pesticides are widely used in the crop protection. The ideal pesticide should have high effectiveness in the control crop pests but low toxicity to non-target organisms. In this case, biopesticides including biochemical pesticides, microbial pesticides and plant-incorporated protectants are considered to be potential ideal pesticides for crop protection. Biochemical pesticides are the naturally occurring substances, they are derived from animals, plants and microorganisms. Microbial pesticides mainly rely on bacteria, fungi, virus or protozoans as the active agent. They are environment-friendly biopesticides with high effectiveness and species-specificity, and have been commercialized worldwide, for example, Bacillus thuringiensis. Plant-incorporated protectants are products that are genetically incorporated into plant tissues including chemicals, proteins or dsRNA for pest control or anti-microbial activity. Qu et al. (this issue) systematically introduced bioinsecticides for pest control and discussed current constraints that prevent bioinsecticides from being widely used and proposed the future research directions in this issue (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021404). Xu et al. (this issue) optimized synthesis process of an anti-plant-virus candidate drug NK0238, and evaluated the antivirus activity and environmental safety of this product (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021390). Zhu et al. (this issue) investigated a new family of natural cyclic lipodepsipeptides with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. By genetic manipulation of accessory genes in the WAP biosynthetic gene cluster, new WAP-8294As were produced in Lysobacter, which confirmed the possibility to expand the spectrum of the biocontrol compounds (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021410). In addition, structural biology studies on action targets provides important insights on molecular functions. Using a structure-based drug design strategy, Zheng et al. (this issue) prepared a battery of novel triketone-quinoxaline compounds, which could be potentially applied to design new herbicides targeting p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021401).

With the development and application of new biotechnology in agriculture, opportunities for crop protection are great becoming more abundant, opening new approaches, such as genetic engineering, to improve the plant resistance against crop pests and diseases. It is now feasible to control pests by directly targeting genes that are essential for the development and survival of insects and pathogenic microorganisms, for example, the sterile insect technique based on gene-drive and RNA interference using dsRNA. In addition, it has been confirmed that some gene families are effective targets that indirectly contribute to crop pests and diseases protection by targeting the plant biochemical synthesis or virus transmitting pathways. In this case, identifying new genes associated with the interaction between crops, insects, microorganisms should be a key focus, both now and in the future. Huang et al. (this issue) summarized the recent research on the interaction between plant viruses and insect vectors, and discussed the potential control strategies to prevent the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses using RNAi technology, gene editing technology and gene-driven technology (https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021389).

We anticipate that the ideas and approaches highlighted in this issue will help broaden reader’s perspectives on every increasing prospect for a new era of sustainable and environment-friendly agricultural pest management.

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Recent development of vibration utilization engineering

WEN Bangchun

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第1期页码 1-9 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0017-2

摘要： The utilization of vibration and wave, which was developed during the latter half of the 20th century, is one of the most valueable technology applications and has been rapidly developing recently . Because the technique is closely associated with industry and agriculture, it can create huge social and economical benefits and provide excellent services for society. Thus, due to its necessity in industry and daily life, extensive research has been devoted to vibration utillization engineering. In this paper, vibration utilization is classified into linear or non-linear vibrations, waves, and electric-magnetic oscillations. Their phenomena, patterns, and applications in nature and society are introduced. Some research results about vibration utilization engineering are described.

关键词： utilization engineering non-linear vibration vibration utillization utillization engineering

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China’s policy framework for carbon capture, utilization and storage: Review, analysis, and outlook

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 400-411 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0862-z

摘要： Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is estimated to contribute substantial CO₂ emission reduction to carbon neutrality in China. There is yet a large gap between such enormous demand and the current capacity, and thus a sound enabling environment with sufficient policy support is imperative for CCUS development. This study reviewed 59 CCUS-related policy documents issued by the Chinese government as of July 2022, and found that a supporting policy framework for CCUS is taking embryonic form in China. More than ten departments of the central government have involved CCUS in their policies, of which the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and the Ministry of Ecological Environment (MEE) have given the greatest attention with different focuses. Specific policy terms are further analyzed following the method of content analysis and categorized into supply-, environment- and demand-type policies. The results indicate that supply-type policies are unbalanced in policy objectives, as policy terms on technology research and demonstration greatly outnumber those on other objectives, and the attention to weak links and industrial sectors is far from sufficient. Environment-type policies, especially legislations, standards, and incentives, are inadequate in pertinence and operability. Demand-type policies are absent in the current policy system but is essential to drive the demand for the CCUS technology in domestic and foreign markets. To meet the reduction demand of China’s carbon neutral goal, policies need to be tailored according to needs of each specific technology and implemented in an orderly manner with well-balanced use on multiple objectives.

关键词： carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) policy content analysis China